Abstract:

Anemia in the postpartum period remains a persistent challenge in developing countries and is often linked to deficiency in micronutrients, particularly Vitamin B12 and folate. A comparison study was done to assess the status of Vitamin B12 and folate in Anemic I and non-anemic postpartum women and its relationship with maternal hemoglobin, neonatal birth weight, dietary patterns, and clinical manifestations. The data was collected from 420 Postpartum women at Uttar Pradesh University of Medical Sciences Saifai. The results indicate that Vitamin B12 and folate levels were significantly lower in Anemic mothers which has consequences for maternal and neonatal wellbeing.

ABSTRACT:

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic, painful, and disabling disease that affects articular cartilage and ligaments, leading to subchondral sclerosis and osteophyte formation, which cause joint deformities. MMP-3 has potential ability to predict the disease on early stage Matrix metalloproteinase (MMPs), a group of ECM-degrading enzymes expressed in joint tissues, are believed to play a crucial role in joint destruction during OA. MMP3 (Stromelysins 1) has been thought to play an essential role in the degradation of the cartilage matrix

200 subject of age between 50 to 80 years, out of which 50 male and 50 female will be normal healthy controls and 50 male and 50 female, were be suffering from knee osteoarthritis patients as Case. Control will be taken from normal healthy male and female individual with equal ratio of same age group.

For the study cases will be newly diagnosed knee osteoarthritic with age group 50 year to 80 year old diagnosed with sign and symptom with radiography.  The mean MMP-3 level in the case group (knee osteoarthritis) was 930.6 ± 357.9, whereas in the control group, it was 370.5 ± 277.8. Authors concluded that MMP-3 is very reliable marker for diagnosis in developing knee osteoarthritic disease.

Keywords: Osteoarthritis, Matrix metalloproteinase, joint disease.

ABSTRACT: Knee Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of osteoarthritis in India. With an aging population and rising obesity rates, OA presents significant economic, psychological, and social challenges. We enrolled 200 subject of age between 50 to 80 years, out of which 50 male and 50 female will be normal healthy controls and 50 male and 50 female, will be suffering from knee osteoarthritis patients as Case. Control will be taken from normal healthy male and female individual with equal ratio of same age group. For the study cases will be newly diagnosed knee osteoarthritic with age group 50 year to 80 year old. Our study builds on existing literature by reinforcing the idea that CRTAC1 could serve as a significant biomarker for predicting knee osteoarthritis. Its increased levels in patient populations, open up new avenues for further research into its mechanisms and potential applications in clinical practice. Overall, our findings emphasize the potential utility of CRTAC1 as a biomarker for predicting OA, particularly in identifying at-risk populations. Future research with larger sample size should further explore the mechanistic underpinnings and the implications of therapeutic interventions aimed at modulating these biomarker levels to ameliorate OA progression and improving patient outcomes in osteoarthritis.

Abstract: The pregnant women experience physiological changes to support fetal growth and development. During pregnancy sex steroids have effects on metabolic, synthetic, and excretory hepatic functions. Liver disease that occurs during pregnancy can present a challenge for health care providers.  Identification of physiological changes is important to differentiate physiological changes in liver during pregnancy from pathological causes of liver. The aim of study is to evaluate the change in serum level of routine LFTs (ALP, AST, ALT) during different trimester of normal pregnancy compared with a control group of non- pregnant women.

Methods: A total of 100 women were screened. Among 75 healthy pregnant women, 25 from each trimester and 25 non-pregnant women formed controls. Samples were collected from department of obstetrics and gynaecology attending for ANC at RIMS Ranchi. Serum sample was taken and assessed for routine liver function tests.

Results: Mean ALT level in patients of our socioeconomic environment is 26.48±6.729 IU/L for non-pregnant, and for pregnant women of 1st 2nd, and 3rd, trimester were 19.08±8.514, 40.48±10.922 and 31.30±13.86 IU/L respectively.

Mean AST level in patients of our socioeconomic is 29.36±4.493 IU/L for non-pregnant and for pregnant women of 1st, 2nd, and 3rd, trimester was 31.80±6.624, 41.96±10.50 and 50.12±15.914 IU/L respectively.

Mean ALP level in pt of our socioeconomics is 86.10±14.440 IU/L for non-pregnant and for pregnant women of 1st, 2nd, and 3rd, trimester are69.12±10.530, 76.92±23.48, and 196.12±49.938 Among these enzymes, serum ALP level raises more and especially during third trimester. Establishing upper normal level will be of much help for obstetrician in management of pregnancy related problem and differentiating physiological changes from pathological conditions such as hyperemesis gravidarum, intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy, acute fatty liver of pregnancy, pre-eclampsia, eclampsia and HELLP syndrome etc.

Abstract: Background: Oral cancer is a significant health concern worldwide, contributing to substantial morbidity and mortality. It predominantly affects regions such as Southeast Asia, with tobacco, alcohol use, and human papillomavirus (HPV) infection being major risk factors. Despite advancements in treatment modalities, including surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy, survival rates for advanced oral cancer remain low. This has necessitated a shift in focus towards understanding the underlying molecular and metabolic pathways that drive oral cancer progression. Metabolic reprogramming, particularly alterations in glutamine metabolism, has gained attention as a hallmark of cancer, offering new avenues for therapeutic intervention.

Oral cancer, a major contributor to global cancer-related mortality, is characterized by aberrant metabolic alterations that sustain tumor growth, survival, and metastasis. Glutamine metabolism plays a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of oral cancer, providing critical intermediates for energy production, biosynthesis, and redox homeostasis. This paper explores the role of glutamine in oral cancer metabolism, examines the molecular mechanisms by which cancer cells hijack glutamine metabolism, and discusses potential therapeutic strategies targeting glutamine metabolism in the treatment of oral cancer.

Keywords: Oral Cancer, Glutamine Metabolism, Therapeutic Targets, Cancer Metabolism, Glutaminolysis, Redox Homeostasis, Tumor Growth, Metabolic Reprogramming, Glutamine Transporters, Glutaminase (GLS), MYC Oncogene, PI3K/AKT/mTOR Pathway, Hypoxia-Inducible Factor (HIF-1α), Oxidative Stress, Glutathione (GSH) Synthesis, Nucleotide and Lipid Biosynthesis, Cancer Cell Proliferation, Combination Therapies, Chemotherapy, Radiation Therapy, Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors, Tumor Microenvironment, Metabolic Interventions, α-Ketoglutarate (α-KG), Glucose Limitation

Abstract: Background: Oral cancer is a significant health concern worldwide, contributing to substantial morbidity and mortality. It predominantly affects regions such as Southeast Asia, with tobacco, alcohol use, and human papillomavirus (HPV) infection being major risk factors. Despite advancements in treatment modalities, including surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy, survival rates for advanced oral cancer remain low. This has necessitated a shift in focus towards understanding the underlying molecular and metabolic pathways that drive oral cancer progression. Metabolic reprogramming, particularly alterations in glutamine metabolism, has gained attention as a hallmark of cancer, offering new avenues for therapeutic intervention.

Oral cancer, a major contributor to global cancer-related mortality, is characterized by aberrant metabolic alterations that sustain tumor growth, survival, and metastasis. Glutamine metabolism plays a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of oral cancer, providing critical intermediates for energy production, biosynthesis, and redox homeostasis. This paper explores the role of glutamine in oral cancer metabolism, examines the molecular mechanisms by which cancer cells hijack glutamine metabolism, and discusses potential therapeutic strategies targeting glutamine metabolism in the treatment of oral cancer.

Abstract: Background: Vitamin D is increasingly being recognized for a role beyond calcium homeostasis, with accumulating evidence suggesting it may influence the prognosis of breast cancer. The current study aimed to investigate whether serum vitamin D levels affect prognosis in breast cancer patients by modifying several prognostic factors, such as tumour grade, stage, receptor status, and lymph node involvement.

Methods: A prospective study was conducted on 120 breast cancer patients. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels were measured at diagnosis and categorized as deficient (<20 ng/mL), insufficient (20–30 ng/mL), or sufficient (>30 ng/mL). Statistical analysis was done to check the correlation between vitamin D levels and prognostic factors.

Results: Patients with normal vitamin D concentrations had significantly lower grades of tumours, smaller-sized tumours, and less lymph node positivity when compared with patients with deficient levels (p < 0.05). Vitamin D sufficiency was also associated with favorable receptor profiles, including higher rates of estrogen receptor positivity.

Conclusion: These results open a very promising window where vitamin D would emerge as the first modifiable prognostic factor for breast cancer, so there is definitely a lot more research needed on therapeutic and preventive perspectives.

Abstract: Oral strip technology, characterized by dissolvable films designed to deliver active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) directly through the mucosal tissues in the mouth, presents a novel approach in drug delivery systems. This technology enhances patient compliance due to the ease of administration and the elimination of the need for water, making it especially beneficial for patients with swallowing difficulties. Rapid absorption into the bloodstream facilitates immediate therapeutic effects, bypassing the gastrointestinal tract and reducing the first-pass metabolism, thereby improving the bioavailability of medications. Current advancements focus on incorporating a variety of APIs into these films, exploring innovative materials for improved film properties and dissolution rates. Despite the promising benefits, challenges such as cost efficiency, consumer acceptance, and regulatory hurdles persist. Future directions aim at expanding the range of treatable conditions and enhancing film formulations to include multi-drug combinations for complex therapies.

ABSTRACT: Aim: To investigate the role of anatomical variations in the physiological response to exercise-induced cardiac stress, focusing on their impact on cardiovascular performance, recovery, and abnormalities observed during exercise.

Material and Methods: This cross-sectional study included 90 participants (45 males and 45 females) aged 18–60 years. Participants underwent graded treadmill exercise testing (Bruce Protocol) with continuous monitoring of heart rate, blood pressure, oxygen consumption (VO₂), and electrocardiogram (ECG). Baseline anatomical variations, such as chamber dimensions, valvular morphology, and coronary artery anatomy, were assessed using echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Data analysis involved one-way ANOVA and Pearson’s correlation to assess relationships between anatomical variations and physiological responses.

Results: Participants showed balanced demographics with no significant differences in baseline characteristics (e.g., resting heart rate: 72.15 ± 8.22 bpm; systolic BP: 118.23 ± 12.56 mmHg). VO₂max was slightly higher in males (43.45 ± 7.89 ml/kg/min) than females (41.23 ± 6.89 ml/kg/min). Coronary artery variations were the most common anatomical finding (25.56%), followed by valvular abnormalities (18.89%) and chamber enlargement (12.22%). ECG abnormalities, including arrhythmias (14.44%) and ischemic changes (10.00%), were relatively infrequent and similar between genders. Post-exercise recovery parameters showed no significant gender differences, with heart rate recovery averaging 23.45 ± 5.12 bpm.

Conclusion: Anatomical variations play a significant role in modulating responses to exercise-induced cardiac stress, affecting cardiovascular performance and recovery. Although no significant gender-based differences were observed, variations such as coronary artery configurations and chamber dimensions influenced individual responses. These findings underscore the importance of personalized exercise regimens and the need for further research, especially in populations with cardiovascular conditions, to enhance exercise safety and optimize performance.

Objective: To investigate university medical students’ knowledge, attitudes and practice (KAP) regarding vitamin D in Kalaburagi.

Design: This study employed a descriptive cross-sectional design, surveying 265 medical students at Gulbarga Institute of Medical Science, Kalaburagi, India. A self-administered questionnaire was used to assess the students' knowledge, awareness, and practices related to vitamin D.

Results: The survey revealed significant gaps in knowledge regarding vitamin D among medical students. Only 49% of students considered vitamin D very important for maintaining good health, and 55% correctly identified bone health as its primary function. Additionally, only 16% of students correctly identified blood tests as the primary method for diagnosing vitamin D deficiency. These findings highlight the need for improved education and training on vitamin D among medical students.

Conclusion: The study highlights the need for improved education and training on vitamin D among medical students. Enhancing their knowledge and awareness of vitamin D can help ensure that future healthcare professionals are equipped to diagnose and manage deficiency effectively.

Aim: This study aimed to analyze the patterns of cervical Pap smear cytology among women attending a tertiary care hospital and evaluate the associations between cytological findings and demographic, clinical, and behavioral factors.

Material and Methods: The study included 120 women attending the gynecology outpatient department for routine cervical cancer screening or presenting with symptoms such as vaginal discharge, postcoital bleeding, pelvic pain, or menstrual irregularities. Demographic and clinical data, including age, parity, contraceptive use, and smoking, were collected using a pre-structured proforma. Cervical smears were obtained and evaluated using the Papanicolaou staining technique, and findings were categorized according to the 2014 Bethesda System.

Results: The majority of participants (37.50%) were aged 30–39 years, followed by 40–49 years (25.00%). A significant relationship was observed between cytological patterns and age (p = 0.045). Half of the participants (50.00%) had 1–2 children, while 25.00% were nulliparous and 25.00% had parity ≥3, with parity significantly associated with abnormal findings (p = 0.032). Vaginal discharge (41.67%) was the most common clinical presentation, followed by asymptomatic cases (33.33%), with symptoms significantly influencing cytological outcomes (p = 0.021). NILM was the most prevalent finding (66.67%), followed by LSIL (12.50%), ASC-US (8.33%) and HSIL (8.33%). Cytological abnormalities were significantly associated with smoking, contraceptive use, and higher parity (p < 0.05). Infections such as bacterial vaginosis (12.50%) and HPV-related changes (8.33%) were also identified.

Conclusion: Pap smear cytology effectively identified cervical abnormalities and infections, with significant associations observed between cytological patterns and demographic and clinical factors. These findings emphasize the importance of comprehensive screening programs to improve early detection and reduce the burden of cervical cancer, particularly in resource-constrained settings.